Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of the impact of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila on MPTP-induced behavioral alterations in mice. ( A ) Timeline of the experimental procedure; ( B ) longitudinal analysis of mouse body weight; ( C ) body weight gain following MPTP administration; ( D ) total descent duration in the pole test ( n = 7); ( E ) total walking duration in the beam walking test ( n = 7); ( F ) exploratory behavior in the Y-maze ( n = 7); ( G ) spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze ( n = 7). Comparative analysis of pre- and post-MPTP treatment performance in the pole test ( H ), beam walking test ( I ), and Y-maze ( J and K ). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, indicating a significant difference compared to the saline group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila and L-DOPA on inflammation suppression. Panels A to D illustrate the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-a, IL-113, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the brain ( n = 4). Panels E and F present the mRNA expression levels of IL-113 and IL-10 in the colon ( n = 4). Percentages of monocytes ( G ), lymphocytes ( H ), and neutrophilic granulocytes ( I ) are also depicted ( n = 6). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005, and **** P < 0.0001, in comparison to the MPTP group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in the relative abundances of bacterial compositions in mouse fecal samples across various experimental time points. ( A ) A bar graph illustrates the relative compositions of the bacterial community at different time intervals ( n = 6). The relative abundances of fecal ( B ) Bacteroidota, ( C ) Firmicutes, ( D ) Proteobacteria, ( E ) Verrucomicrobiota, ( F ) Desulfobacterota, and ( G ) Akkermansia muciniphila are presented for each group throughout the experimental period ( n = 6). The data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and Dunn’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6). The blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The administration of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in conjunction with MPTP treatment significantly impacted the fecal microbiomes of mice. Variations in the diversity index among the groups were assessed using Chao1 ( A ) and ACE ( C ) estimator analyses ( n = 6). The data are expressed as means ± SEM and were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test. A P -value of * P < 0.05 denotes a statistically significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34. Panel B presents a heat map illustrating the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in mice on day 41 ( n = 6). Panel D depicts the principal coordinate analysis of β-diversity, with axes labeled according to the contribution vectors (PCoA1 and PCoA2) of the principal components, and mouse samples are icon coded to distinguish between groups ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations across all mouse groups throughout the experimental period. The concentrations, measured in micrograms of SCFA per gram of feces (gg/g), included ( A ) acetic acid, ( B ) propionic acid, ( C ) butyric acid, ( D ) isobutyric acid, ( E ) valeric acid, and ( F ) isovaleric acid. Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6); the blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of the impact of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila on MPTP-induced behavioral alterations in mice. ( A ) Timeline of the experimental procedure; ( B ) longitudinal analysis of mouse body weight; ( C ) body weight gain following MPTP administration; ( D ) total descent duration in the pole test ( n = 7); ( E ) total walking duration in the beam walking test ( n = 7); ( F ) exploratory behavior in the Y-maze ( n = 7); ( G ) spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze ( n = 7). Comparative analysis of pre- and post-MPTP treatment performance in the pole test ( H ), beam walking test ( I ), and Y-maze ( J and K ). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, indicating a significant difference compared to the saline group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila and L-DOPA on inflammation suppression. Panels A to D illustrate the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-a, IL-113, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the brain ( n = 4). Panels E and F present the mRNA expression levels of IL-113 and IL-10 in the colon ( n = 4). Percentages of monocytes ( G ), lymphocytes ( H ), and neutrophilic granulocytes ( I ) are also depicted ( n = 6). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005, and **** P < 0.0001, in comparison to the MPTP group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in the relative abundances of bacterial compositions in mouse fecal samples across various experimental time points. ( A ) A bar graph illustrates the relative compositions of the bacterial community at different time intervals ( n = 6). The relative abundances of fecal ( B ) Bacteroidota, ( C ) Firmicutes, ( D ) Proteobacteria, ( E ) Verrucomicrobiota, ( F ) Desulfobacterota, and ( G ) Akkermansia muciniphila are presented for each group throughout the experimental period ( n = 6). The data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and Dunn’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6). The blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The administration of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in conjunction with MPTP treatment significantly impacted the fecal microbiomes of mice. Variations in the diversity index among the groups were assessed using Chao1 ( A ) and ACE ( C ) estimator analyses ( n = 6). The data are expressed as means ± SEM and were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test. A P -value of * P < 0.05 denotes a statistically significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34. Panel B presents a heat map illustrating the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in mice on day 41 ( n = 6). Panel D depicts the principal coordinate analysis of β-diversity, with axes labeled according to the contribution vectors (PCoA1 and PCoA2) of the principal components, and mouse samples are icon coded to distinguish between groups ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations across all mouse groups throughout the experimental period. The concentrations, measured in micrograms of SCFA per gram of feces (gg/g), included ( A ) acetic acid, ( B ) propionic acid, ( C ) butyric acid, ( D ) isobutyric acid, ( E ) valeric acid, and ( F ) isovaleric acid. Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6); the blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of the impact of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila on MPTP-induced behavioral alterations in mice. ( A ) Timeline of the experimental procedure; ( B ) longitudinal analysis of mouse body weight; ( C ) body weight gain following MPTP administration; ( D ) total descent duration in the pole test ( n = 7); ( E ) total walking duration in the beam walking test ( n = 7); ( F ) exploratory behavior in the Y-maze ( n = 7); ( G ) spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze ( n = 7). Comparative analysis of pre- and post-MPTP treatment performance in the pole test ( H ), beam walking test ( I ), and Y-maze ( J and K ). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, indicating a significant difference compared to the saline group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila and L-DOPA on inflammation suppression. Panels A to D illustrate the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-a, IL-113, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the brain ( n = 4). Panels E and F present the mRNA expression levels of IL-113 and IL-10 in the colon ( n = 4). Percentages of monocytes ( G ), lymphocytes ( H ), and neutrophilic granulocytes ( I ) are also depicted ( n = 6). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005, and **** P < 0.0001, in comparison to the MPTP group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in the relative abundances of bacterial compositions in mouse fecal samples across various experimental time points. ( A ) A bar graph illustrates the relative compositions of the bacterial community at different time intervals ( n = 6). The relative abundances of fecal ( B ) Bacteroidota, ( C ) Firmicutes, ( D ) Proteobacteria, ( E ) Verrucomicrobiota, ( F ) Desulfobacterota, and ( G ) Akkermansia muciniphila are presented for each group throughout the experimental period ( n = 6). The data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and Dunn’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6). The blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The administration of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in conjunction with MPTP treatment significantly impacted the fecal microbiomes of mice. Variations in the diversity index among the groups were assessed using Chao1 ( A ) and ACE ( C ) estimator analyses ( n = 6). The data are expressed as means ± SEM and were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test. A P -value of * P < 0.05 denotes a statistically significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34. Panel B presents a heat map illustrating the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in mice on day 41 ( n = 6). Panel D depicts the principal coordinate analysis of β-diversity, with axes labeled according to the contribution vectors (PCoA1 and PCoA2) of the principal components, and mouse samples are icon coded to distinguish between groups ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations across all mouse groups throughout the experimental period. The concentrations, measured in micrograms of SCFA per gram of feces (gg/g), included ( A ) acetic acid, ( B ) propionic acid, ( C ) butyric acid, ( D ) isobutyric acid, ( E ) valeric acid, and ( F ) isovaleric acid. Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6); the blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: Investigation of the impact of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila on MPTP-induced behavioral alterations in mice. ( A ) Timeline of the experimental procedure; ( B ) longitudinal analysis of mouse body weight; ( C ) body weight gain following MPTP administration; ( D ) total descent duration in the pole test ( n = 7); ( E ) total walking duration in the beam walking test ( n = 7); ( F ) exploratory behavior in the Y-maze ( n = 7); ( G ) spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze ( n = 7). Comparative analysis of pre- and post-MPTP treatment performance in the pole test ( H ), beam walking test ( I ), and Y-maze ( J and K ). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were subjected to one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, indicating a significant difference compared to the saline group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila and L-DOPA on inflammation suppression. Panels A to D illustrate the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-a, IL-113, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the brain ( n = 4). Panels E and F present the mRNA expression levels of IL-113 and IL-10 in the colon ( n = 4). Percentages of monocytes ( G ), lymphocytes ( H ), and neutrophilic granulocytes ( I ) are also depicted ( n = 6). Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005, and **** P < 0.0001, in comparison to the MPTP group.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in the relative abundances of bacterial compositions in mouse fecal samples across various experimental time points. ( A ) A bar graph illustrates the relative compositions of the bacterial community at different time intervals ( n = 6). The relative abundances of fecal ( B ) Bacteroidota, ( C ) Firmicutes, ( D ) Proteobacteria, ( E ) Verrucomicrobiota, ( F ) Desulfobacterota, and ( G ) Akkermansia muciniphila are presented for each group throughout the experimental period ( n = 6). The data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test and Dunn’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6). The blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The administration of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in conjunction with MPTP treatment significantly impacted the fecal microbiomes of mice. Variations in the diversity index among the groups were assessed using Chao1 ( A ) and ACE ( C ) estimator analyses ( n = 6). The data are expressed as means ± SEM and were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test. A P -value of * P < 0.05 denotes a statistically significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34. Panel B presents a heat map illustrating the relative abundance of bacterial phyla in mice on day 41 ( n = 6). Panel D depicts the principal coordinate analysis of β-diversity, with axes labeled according to the contribution vectors (PCoA1 and PCoA2) of the principal components, and mouse samples are icon coded to distinguish between groups ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Microbiology Spectrum

Article Title: Neuroprotective effects of hypoactive Akkermansia muciniphila in MPTP-induced mouse models of Parkinson’s disease

doi: 10.1128/spectrum.03379-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: The fluctuations in fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations across all mouse groups throughout the experimental period. The concentrations, measured in micrograms of SCFA per gram of feces (gg/g), included ( A ) acetic acid, ( B ) propionic acid, ( C ) butyric acid, ( D ) isobutyric acid, ( E ) valeric acid, and ( F ) isovaleric acid. Data are presented as means ± SEM and were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.005, *** P < 0.0005 denote significant differences ( n = 6); the blue/black asterisk indicates significant differences compared to the MPTP/saline group at each experimental time point; the gray asterisk indicates a significant difference within the same group between day 41 and day 34.

Article Snippet: Concurrently, the MPTP + AKK + L-DOPA group and MPTP + L-DOPA group received an additional oral gavage of L-DOPA (100 mg/kg; TargetMol) and benserazide (25 mg/kg; MedChemExpress).

Techniques: Saline